China presents one of the largest and most difficult challenges for the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic. Since China’s first indigenous case of HIV was identified in 1989, the epidemic has spread numerically and geographically throughout the country. Today, HIV-positive people are present in all 31 Chinese provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, with about three-quarters of these people living in five Chinese provinces: Yunnan, Henan, Xinjiang, Guangxi, and Guangdong.1 The most recent official estimates indicate that as of the end of 2005, there were approximately 650,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in China. Among them, there are an estimated 75,000 people living with AIDS. These figures place the national HIV prevalence at 0.05 percent. In 2005, there were an estimated 70,000 new HIV infections and an estimated 25,000 AIDS deaths.2 A new official report on the HIV epidemic in China, including revised estimates of the country’s HIV-positive population, will be released in December 2007.